Vanda lamellata

Vanda lamellata
Vanda lamellata together with Spathoglottis plicata are the most basic orchid species for beginners, IF YOU CAN'T GROW THEM THEN DON'T GROW ANY ORCHIDS AT ALL!!!

Sabado, Disyembre 3, 2011

Orchids are monocots in the order Asparagales. It is currently believed to be the largest family of flowering plants with between 21,950 and 26,049 currently accepted species, found in 880 genera. The number of orchid species equals more than twice the number of bird species, and about four times the number of mammal species. It also encompasses about 6–11% of all seed plants. The largest genera are Bulbophyllum (2,000 species), Epidendrum (1,500 species), Dendrobium (1,400 species) and Pleurothallis (1,000 species).

The name comes from the Greek ὄρχις (órkhis), literally meaning "testicle", because of the shape of the root. 


The world's richest concentration of orchid varieties is found in the Himalayan region of Nepal. The great majority are to be found in the tropics, mostly Asia, South America and Central America, but they are also found above the Arctic Circle, in southern Patagonia, and even two species of Nematoceras on Macquarie Island, close to Antarctica.

The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:

  • tropical Asia: 260 to 300 genera
  • tropical America: 250 to 270 genera
  • tropical Africa: 230 to 270 genera
  • Oceania: 50 to 70 genera
  • Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera
  • North America: 20 to 26 genera
Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident apomorphies. Among these are: bilateral symmetry (zygomorphism), many resupinate flowers, a nearly always highly modified petal (labellum), fused stamens and carpels, and extremely small seeds.

In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs.

Epiphytic orchids have modified aerial roots that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy epidermis, called velamen, has the function to absorb humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. In some orchids, the velamen includes spongy and fibrous bodies near the passage cells, called tilosomes.

The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients mainly come from animal droppings and other organic detritus on their supporting surfaces.

Orchid leaves often have siliceous bodies called stegmata in the vascular bundle sheaths (not present in the Orchidoideae) and are fibrous.

The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the laminae are covered by a waxy cuticle to retain their necessary water supply. Shade species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves.

Orchid flowers primitively had three stamens, but this situation is now limited to the genus Neuwiedia. Apostasia and the Cypripedioideae have two stamens, the central one being sterile and reduced to a staminode. All of the other orchids, the clade called Monandria, retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to staminodes (4). The filaments of the stamens are always adnate (fused) to the style to form cylindrical structure called the gynostemium or column (2). In the primitive Apostasioideae, this fusion is only partial; in the Vanilloideae, it is more deep; in Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae, it is total. The stigma (9) is very asymmetrical, as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lay on the bottom of the column.

Pollen is released as single grains, like in most other plants, in the Apostasioideae, Cypripedioideae and Vanilloideae. In the other subfamilies, that comprise the great majority of orchids, the anther (3), carries and two pollinia.

A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen grains held together by the glue-like alkaloid viscin, containing both cellulosic strands and mucopolysaccharides. Each pollinium is connected to a filament which can take the form of a caudicle, as in Dactylorhiza or Habenaria, or a stipe, as in Vanda. Caudicles or stipes hold the pollinia to the viscidium, a sticky pad which sticks the pollinia to the body of pollinators.


At the upper edge of the stigma of single-anthered orchids, in front of the anther cap, there is the rostellum (5), a slender extension involved in the complex pollination mechanism.

As aforementioned, the ovary is always inferior (located behind the flower). It is three-carpelate and one or, more rarely, three-partitioned, with parietal placentation (axile in the Apostasioideae).

An extinct species of stingless bee, Proplebeia dominicana, was found trapped in Miocene amber from about 15-20 million years ago. The bee was carrying pollen of a previously unknown orchid taxon, Meliorchis caribea, on its wings. This find is the first evidence of fossilised orchids to date. The extinct orchid M. caribea has been placed within the extant tribe Cranichideae, subtribe Goodyerinae (subfamily Orchidoideae).


This indicates orchids may have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous. In other words, they may have coexisted with dinosaurs. It also shows insects were active pollinators of orchids then. According to M.W. Chase et al. (2001), the overall biogeography and phylogenetic patterns of Orchidaceae show they are even older and may go back roughly 100 million years; the subfamily Vanilloideae is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the monandrous orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of Vanilla is estimated at 60 to 70 million years).

Some orchids, such as Neottia and Corallorhiza, lack chlorophyll, so are unable to photosynthesize. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by parasitising soil fungi through the formation of orchid mycorrhizas. The fungi involved include those that form ectomycorrhizas with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as Armillaria, and saprotrophs. These orchids are known as myco-heterotrophs, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes due to the belief that they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. While only a few species are achlorophyllous holoparasites, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth, and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi.

The dried seed pods of one orchid genus, Vanilla, are commercially important as flavoring in baking, for perfume manufacture and aromatherapy.


The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids [mainly Orchis mascula (early purple orchid)] are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage salep or in the Turkish frozen treat dondurma. The name salep has been claimed to come from the Arabic expression ḥasyu al-tha`lab, "fox testicles", but it appears more likely the name comes directly from the Arabic name saḥlab‎. The similarity in appearance to testes naturally accounts for salep being considered an aphrodisiac.

The dried leaves of Jumellea fragrans are used to flavor rum on Reunion Island.

The scent of orchids is frequently analysed by perfumers (using headspace technology and gas-liquid chromatography) to identify potential fragrance chemicals.


The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are tropical or subtropical, but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include Ophrys apifera (bee orchid), Gymnadenia conopsea (fragrant orchid), Anacamptis pyramidalis (pyramidal orchid) and Dactylorhiza fuchsii (common spotted orchid).

They have been used as a source of herbal remedies in China since 2800 BC. Gastrodia elata is one of the three orchids listed in the earliest known Chinese Materia Medica (Shennon bencaojing) (c. 100 AD). Theophrastus mentions orchids in his Enquiry into Plants (372–286 BC).


In the recent years, a number of studies have been published on anticancer activity of the chemical moscatilin, which is found in the stems of the orchid species Dendrobrium. 

In Chinese culture, the bamboo, plum blossom, orchid, and chrysanthemum (often known as méi lán zhú jú 梅兰竹菊) are collectively referred to as the Four Gentlemen. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in Confucian ideology, four aspects of the junzi ("prince" or "noble one").

The largest orchid is Grammatophyllum speciosum of the Philippines, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea; its pseudobulbs can have a mass up to 10 ft (3 m) long and could easily weigh a ton!. The tallest orchids are Dendrobium steatoglossum from New Caledonia and Selenipedium chica from South America, both may reach 16 1/2 ft (5 m) tall. Australian Bulbophyllum globuliforme with pseudobulbs less than 1/8 in. (3 mm) and Corybas of Australasia including the Philippines with small tubers, small leaves about 1/3 in (1 cm) across are the smallest orchids. Genus Oberonia, where flowers are less than 1/25 in (1 mm) are the smallest flowered while Sobralia xantholeuca with a flower 10 in. (25 cm) in diameter and Paphiopedilum sanderianum with pendulous, twisted petals up to 40 in. (1 m) long are the largest flowered orchids. 


Philippine Contribution to Orchidology

The Philippines has contributed the most number of orchid species in Asia to the world for breeding, cutflower and other uses. Euanthe sanderiana, also known as Vanda sanderiana was originally named by Heinrich G. Reichenbach in 1822 in the Gadener’s Chronicle in honour of Henry F. Sander, the famous nurseryman and patron of orchids, of St. Albans, England, UK who said that this species was “the greatest novelty ever introduced to Europe (in the 1900s)”. Dr. Rudolf Schlechter created the generic name “Euanthe” in 1914 in Die Orchideen. Euanthe sanderiana became the parent of innumerable award-winning hybrid and line bred progenies since the time it was discovered. There are petitions from several Philippine plant societies, advocates, organisations and other groups to make Euanthe sanderiana the national flower of the Republic of the Philippines owing to its importance, origin and endemism instead of the current Jasminum sambac which is a native of the Indian subcontinent.


Phalaenopsis amabilis, the type specimen for the genus Phalaenopsis (in fact the lagest flowered species in its genus) and Phalaenopsis aphrodite, two indigenous orchids of the Philippines, are the bases for the big, showy, almost plate-size flowered hybrids. Phalaenopsis fasciata, endemic to the Philippines, has been used in hybridisation to produce flowers with a dark-yellow colouring. The lovely “candy-stripe” hybrids are a strong trait inherited from the miniature-flowered Philippine endemic Phalaenopsis lindenii while long-lasting flowers are a desirable inheritance of Phalaenopsis pulchra’s hybrids, again a Philippine endemic. Purple, violet, or dark pink colouration are traits of Phalaenopis stuartiana and Phalaneopsis sanderiana both Philipine endemics.


The Philippines and Indonesia are the centre of distribution of the genus Phalaenopsis as well as the genus Vanda, while the genera Dendrochilum and Staurochilus has their centre of distribution in the Philippines.


Dendrobium anosmum, an indigenous succulent orchid, has an endemic cultivar form called ‘Superbum’ which has the largest flowers of this species and indeed the largest flowered species in the genus Dendrobium. Contrary to its specific name, the flowers are very fragrant and could be used in perfumery. Dendrobium crumenatum, found from Myanmar to Timor and the Philippines, is the most commonly seen orchid in Philippine household gardens as well as used for earache and ear infections. It is also fragrant but not like D. anosmum, it will only flower shortly upon an impending storm.


Renanthera storei and Renanthera philippinensis, both endemic and locally known as “fire orchids” have been extensively hybridised with other vandaceous genera.    


Almost all vandaceous hybrids with strap-like leaves can trace their origins from just five species: Vanda coerulea of the Himalayas, China, Myanmar and Thailand; Vanda tricolor of Indonesia; Vanda dearei; Vanda luzonica and Euanthe sanderiana both from the Philippines. 

Orchid shows and exhibits in the Philippines are yearly staged during the onset of blooms of Euanthe sanderiana (August to September) and Dendrobium anosmum (February to March). While the largest Philippine flora exhibit-the Flora Filipina-is held at the height of the general flowering season in the country-during the months of January and February.

Currently there are 150 genera and 1,130 species of Philippine Orchids and 90% of them are endemic or are only found in our blessed land and nowhere else. Amesiella, Ceratocentron, Megalotus, and Sarcophyton are some of our endemic orchid genera.


ORCHID GENERA

A

B

C

D

 E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L


M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

PHILIPPINE ORCHID GENERA

 

I.>>Abdominea JJ Smith

II.>>Acampe Lindley

III.>>Acanthephippium Blume emend. Endlicher

Acanthophippium = Acanthephippium

Acoridium Nees & Meyen =Dendrochilum

IV.>>Acriopsis Reinwardt ex Blume

Adenostylis Blume = Zeuxine, Rhomboda

V.>>Aerides Loureiro 

VI.>>Aglossorhyncha Schlechter, K Schumann & Lauterbach

VII.>>Agrostophyllum Blume

VIII.>>Amesiella Schlechter ex Garay

Angraecum auct. Philip. = Amesiella

IX.>>Ania Lindley

X.>>Anoectochilus Blume

Anota Schlechter = Rhynchostylis

XI.>>Aphyllorchis Blume

XII.>>Aporodes W Suarez & Cootes [review name]

XIII.>>Aporum Blume [review name]

XIV.>>Apostasia Blume

XV.>>Appendicula Blume

XVI.>>Arachnis Blume

XVII.>>Arundina Blume

XVIII.>>Ascidieria Seidenfaden

XIX.>>Ascocentrum Schlechter ex JJ Smith

XX.>>Ascochilus Ridley

XXI.>>Ascoglossum Schlechter

Ascotainia Ridley = Ania

XXII.>>Bogoria JJ Sm.

XXIII.>>Brachypeza Schlechter ex Garay

XXIV.>>Bromheadia Lindley

XXV.>>Bulbophyllum Thouars

XXVI.>>Cadetia Gaudichaud

XXVII.>>Calanthe R Brown

XXVIII.>>Calcearia Blume [review name]

 Carparomorchis = Bulbophyllum

 Camarotis Lindley = Micropera

XXIX.>>Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin

XXX.>>Ceraia Loureiro

Ceratobium MA Clements & DL Jones = Dendrobium

XXXI.>>Ceratocentron Senghas

XXXII.>>Ceratostylis Blume

Cestichis Thouars = Liparis

XXXIII.>>Chamaeanthus Schlechter

XXXIV.>>Cheirostylis Blume

XXXV.>>Chelonistele Pfitzer

 Chilopogon Schlechter = Appendicula

XXXVI.>>Chromatotriccum MA Clements & DL Jones [review name. Dendrobium?]

XXXVII.>>Chrysoglossum Blume

XXXVIII.>>Cirrhopetalum Lindley

XXXIX.>>Cleisostoma Blume

XL.>>Coelandria Fitzgerald [review name; Dendrobium?]

XLI.>>Coelogyne Lindley 

XLII.>>Collabium Blume

XLIII. Conostalix (Kraenzlin) Brieger [review name; Dendrobium?]

XLIV.>>Cordiglottis JJ Smith

Cordula Rafinesque = Paphiopedilum

Corybas Salisbury = Calcearia; Gastrosiphon

Corymborchis Thouars ex Blume = Corymborkis

XLV.>>Corymborkis Thouars

XLVI.>>Crepidium Blume [review name]

XLVII.>>Cryptostylis R Brown

XLVIII.>>Cylindrolobus Blume [review name; Eria?]

XLVIX.>>Cymbidium Swartz

Cypripedium auct. mal. =Paphiopedilum

L.>>Cyrtosia Blume

Cystopus Blume =Pristiglottis

LI.>>Cystorchis Blume 3

LII.>>Dendrobium Swartz

LIII.>>Dendrochilum Blume

LIV.>>Dendrolirium Blume [review name]

 LV.>>Didymoplexis Griffith

LVI.>>Dienia Lindley [review name]

LVII.>>Diglyphosa Blume

LVIII.>>Dilochia Lindley

Diplocaulobium (Reichenbach filius) Kraenzlin = Dendrobium

 LIX.>>Dipodium R Brown

LX.>>Disperis Swartz 

LXI.>>Distichorchis MA Clements & DL Jones [review name; Dendrobium?]

LXII.>>Doritis Lindley

Durabaculum MA Clements & DL Jones =Dendrobium

LXIII.>>Epiblastus Schlechter

LXIV.>>>Epicrianthes Blume [review name]

LXV.>>Epigeneium Gagnepain

LXVI.>>Epipogium Gmelin ex Borkhausen

LXVII.>>Eria Lindley

LXVIII.>>Erythrodes Blume

LXIX.>>Erythrorchis Blume

LXX.>>Euanthe Schlechter

LXXI.>>Eulophia R Brown ex Lindley

LXXII.>>Euphlebium (Kraenzlin) Brieger [check name]

LXXIII.>>Flickingeria AD Hawkes 

LXXIV.>>Galeola Loureiro

Garayanthus Szlach =Cleisostoma

LXXV.>>Gastrochilus D Don

LXXVI.>>Gastrodia R Brown

LXXVI.>>Gastrosiphon (Schlechter) MA Clements & DL Jones [check name; Corybas?]

LXXVII.>>Geodorum Jackson

LXXVIII.>>Glomera Blume

LXXIX.>>Goodyera R Brown

LXXX.>>Grammatophyllum Blume

LXXXI.>>Grastidium Blume [check name]

LXXXII.>>Grosourdya Reichenbach filius

LXXXIII.>>Habenaria Willdenow

LXXXIV.>>Herminium Linnaeus

LXXXV.>>Hetaeria Blume

LXXXVI.>>Hippeophyllum Schlechter

LXXXVII.>>Hylophila Lindley

LXXXVIII.>>Hymenorchis Schlechter

LXXXIX.>>Kingidium PF Hunt

Kingiella Rolfe non Tieghem = Phalaenopsis

XC.>>Kuhlhasseltia JJ Smith

XCI.>>Lecanorchis Blume

XCII.>>Lepidogyne Blume

XCIII.>>Liparis Richard

XCIV.>>Ludisia A Richard

XCV.>>Luisia Gaudichaud 4 1uncetain occurrence

XCVI.>>Macodes (Blume) Lindley

XCVII.>>Macropodanthus LO Williams

XCVIII.>>Malaxis Solander ex Swartz

XCIX.>>Malleola JJ Smith & Schlechter

C.>>Megalotus Garay

CI.>>Micropera Lindley

CII.>>Microsaccus Blume

CIII.>>Microtatorchis Schlechter

CIV.>>Microtis R Brown

CV.>>Mycaranthes Blume

CVI.>>Myrmechis Blume

CVII.>>Nephylaphyllum Blume [check name]

CVIII.>>Nervilia Commerson ex Gaudichaud

CIX.>>Neuwiedia Blume

CX.>>Oberonia Lindley

CXI.>>Octarrhena Thwaites

CXII.>>Omoea Blume

CXIII.>>Oncidium Swartz

CXIV.>>Orchipedum Breda, Kuhl & Hasselt

Osyricera Blume =Bulbophyllum

CXV.>>Oxystophyllum Blume [check name; Dendrobium?]

CXVI.>>Pachystoma Blume

CXVII.>>Paphiopedilum Pfitzer

Parapteroceras Averyanov =Tuberolabium

CXVIII.>>Pedilonum (Blume) Blume [check name]

CXIX.>>Pennilabium JJ Smith

CXX.>>Peristylus Blume

CXXI.>>Phaius Loureiro

Phajus = Phaius

CXXII.>>Phalaenopsis Blume

Philippinaea Ames & Schlechter =Orchipedum

CXXIII.>>Pholidota Lindley

CXXIV.>>Phragmorchis LO Williams

CXXV.>>Phreatia Lindl.

CXXVI.>>Pilophyllum Schlechter

CXXVII.>>Pinalia Buchanan-Hamilton ex D Don [check name]

CXXVIII.>>Platanthera LC Richard

CXXIX.>>Plocoglottis Blume

CXXX.>>Poaephyllum Ridley

CXXXI.>>Podochilus Blume

CXXXII.>>Polystachya Hooker

CXXXIII.>>Pomatocalpa Breda

CXXXIV.>>Porphyrodesme Schlechter

CXXXV.>>Pristiglottis Cretz. & JJ Smith

Pseudacoridium Ames =Dendrochilum

CXXXVI.>>Pseudovanilla Garay,

CXXXVII.>>Pteroceras Hasselt ex Hasskarl

CXXXVIII.>>Renanthera Loureiro

CXXXIX.>>Rhomboda Lindley

CXL.>>Rhynchostylis Blume

CXLI.>>Rhytionanthos Garay, Hamer & Siegerist [check name]

CXLII.>>Robiquetia Gaudichaud

CXLIII.>>Saccolabiopsis JJ Smith

 Saccolabium Blume =Hymenorchis, Pennilabium, Tuberolabium

CXLIV.>>Sadokum Tiu and Cootes [check name]

CXLV.>>Samarorchis Ormerod [check name]

CXLVI.>>Santotomasia Ormerod [check name]

Sarcanthus Lindl. = Cleisostoma, Eria, Megalotus, Sarcophyton

CXLVII.>>Sarcophyton Garay

 Sarcochilus auctt. non R Brown  = Thrixspermum, Grosourdya, Pteroceras, Bogoria 17 spp. Australia (16 endemic)  to New Caledonia.

CXLVIII.>>Sayeria Kraenzlin [check name]

CXLIX.>>Schoenorchis Reinwardt ex Blume

CL.>>Schuitemania Ormerod [check name]

CLI.>>Spathoglottis Blume 

CLII.>>Spiranthes LC Richard

CLIII.>>Staurochilus Ridley ex Pfitzer

CLIV.>>Stereochilus Lindley

CLV.>>Stereosandra Blume

Taenia = Tainia

CLVI.>>Taeniophyllum Blume

CLVII.>>Tainia Blume

CLVIII.>>Thecostele Reichenbach filius

CLIX.>>Thelasis Blume

CLX.>>Thelymitra JR & G Forster

CLXI.>>Thrixspermum Loureiro

Trachoma Garay  = Tuberolabium

CLXII.>>Trichoglottis Blume

CLXIII.>>Trichotosia Blume

CLXIV.>>Tropidia Lindl.

CLXV.>>Tuberolabium Yamamoto  

CLXVI.>>Vanda Jones ex R Brown

CLXVII.>>Vandopsis Pfitzer

CLXVIII.>>Vanilla Swartz

CLXIX.>>Vexillabium Maekawa

CLXX.>>Vrydagzynea Blume

CLXXI.>>Zeuxine Lindley



 




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